Metals And Non Metals

NON-METALS

An element is considered as non-metal if it has following characteristics. 
 i)It is non-lustrous i.e. it cannot glow.
ii) It is bad conductor of heat and electricity. 
iii) It is non-ductile 
iv)It is non-malleable 
v)It is gas or brittle solid at room temperature.
vi)It has low melting and boiling point.
vii)It is non-sonorous i.e. it doesnot produce sound
NOTE: * Graphite(carbon) is good conductor of heat and electricity. 
     * Iodine and Graphite are lustrous in nature. 
     * Carbon,Silicon and Boron have high melting and boiling points. 
     * Bromine is liquid non-metal.       


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS
Reaction with Oxygen: 
Nonmetals can react with oxygen to form oxides. Unlike metals, nonmetals often form acidic or neutral oxides. The reaction with oxygen may involve gaining electrons or sharing electrons in covalent bonds
Example:
                                                                                     2C+O_{2 \(\to\)} 2CO
Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon monoxide
Reaction with water:
The reaction of nonmetals with water varies depending on the specific nonmetal. Here are a few examples of nonmetals reacting with water
Hydrogen (H₂):
                                                                                     2H₂ +O₂\(\to\) 2H₂O
Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen to form water. This reaction is commonly known as the combustion of hydrogen
Carbon (C):
While pure carbon does not react directly with water, some forms of carbon compounds, such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), can dissolve in water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). Additionally, some carbon compounds like methane (CH₄) can react with water in the presence of certain catalysts
Sulphur (S):
                                                                                   2S + 3H₂O\(\to\)2H₂S +SO₂
 
Sulphur reacts with water to form hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂). This reaction is often slow and may require the presence of a catalyst
Phosphorus (P):
White phosphorus (4P₄) is highly reactive and can react with oxygen and water to form phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄)
                                                                                   P₄ + 5O₂ + 6H₂O \(\to\)4H₃PO₄
Chlorine (Cl₂):
                                                                                  Cl₂ +H₂O \(\to\) HCl + HClO
Chlorine reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid  (HClO)
It's important to note that not all nonmetals react vigorously with water. Some nonmetals, like noble gases, do not react with water under normal conditions. Additionally, the reactivity of nonmetals with water can depend on factors such as temperature, pressure, and the specific form of the nonmetal involved
Acid Formation: 
Some nonmetals can form acids when they react with water. For example, hydrogen and sulfur can form acids in the presence of water
Example:
                                                                                 S + O₂ + 2H₂O \(\to\) 2H₂SO4
Sulphur reacts with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid
Reaction with Hydrogen: 
Nonmetals can react with hydrogen to form hydrides. These hydrides can be covalent in nature
Example:
                                                                                 N₂ + 3H₂\(\to\) 2NH₃
Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia
Halogen Reactivity: 
    Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I ) are highly reactive nonmetals that readily form salts when they react with metals. They can also form covalent compounds with nonmetals
Example:
                                                                                 Cl₂ + 2K \(\to\) 2KCl
Chlorine reacts with potassium to form potassium chloride
It's important to note that not all nonmetals react vigorously with water. Some nonmetals, like noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe), do not react with water under normal conditions. Additionally, the reactivity of nonmetals with water can depend on factors such as temperature, pressure, and the specific form of the nonmetal involved