CHARGING BY RUBBING:
Charging by rubbing, also known as triboelectric charging or tribocharging, is a phenomenon where certain materials become electrically charged after they come into contact with each other and are then separated. This process involves the transfer of electrons between the two materials, leading to an accumulation of positive and negative charges.
Here's a basic explanation of how charging by rubbing occurs:
Electron Transfer: When two different materials are rubbed against each other, electrons can be transferred from one material to the other. This transfer occurs because some materials have a greater affinity for electrons than others.
Triboelectric Series: The triboelectric series is a list that ranks materials based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons when they come into contact with other materials. Materials at the top of the series tend to gain electrons (become negatively charged), while materials at the bottom tend to lose electrons (become positively charged).
Electrostatic Charging: After rubbing, one material becomes negatively charged (excess electrons), and the other becomes positively charged (deficiency of electrons). This creates an electrostatic charge on the surfaces of the materials.
Separation: Once the materials are separated, they retain their respective charges. The degree of charging depends on factors like the materials involved, the extent of rubbing, and environmental conditions.
Common examples of charging by rubbing include:
Rubbing a balloon against your hair can result in the balloon becoming negatively charged, and it may stick to a neutral or positively charged surface due to electrostatic attraction.
Walking on certain carpets can cause the soles of your shoes to rub against the carpet fibers, leading to the transfer of electrons and potentially creating a static charge.
This phenomenon has practical applications in various fields, including the development of technologies such as photocopiers and electrostatic precipitators. Additionally, it plays a role in everyday experiences, like the static electricity you might feel after walking across a carpet and touching a metal object.
Rubbing a silk cloth against a glass rod is a classic example of charging by rubbing or triboelectric charging. When certain materials come into contact and then are separated, electrons can be transferred between them, leading to one material becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged. In the case of silk and glass:
Silk Cloth:
Silk is a material that tends to gain electrons easily. When rubbed against another material, such as glass, it is likely to acquire a negative charge.
Glass Rod:
Glass, on the other hand, tends to lose electrons more readily. When rubbed against silk, it is likely to acquire a positive charge.
Types of Charges and Their Interaction:
there are two types of electric charge: positive and negative. These charges interact with each other according to certain principles. Here's an overview